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HUNTER COLLEGE OF THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF
NEW YORK SCHOOL OF SOCIAL WORK COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATION AND SOCIAL PLANNING - III
COURSE
DESCRIPTION This course will cover four major areas:
1) professional social workers as social planners in social welfare
and community-based settings; 2) models and stages of the planning process;
3) political and power factors affecting social planning; 4) new community-based
planning initiatives; 4) complexities and dilemmas facing organizers/planners
in the late 1990's. The course will examine the theoretical, technical,
and strategic aspects of planning in the context of the American political
and economic system. It will
focus on problem-solving activity including methods of analysis, design,
implementation and evaluation of human services.
It will emphasize the special impact of class, race, gender and
sexual orientation issues on the social work planning process, roles
and outcomes. OBJECTIVES 1. To 2. To
understand planning theories and their application within the framework
of complex organizations and communities. 3. To
understand the stages of the planning process and utilize them in practice
settings. 4. To
understand multiple constituencies and potential conflict involved in
planning among: organizational and community environments, public and
private regulatory and funding agencies, political bodies, consumer
and worker groups, women, and people of color. 5. To
appreciate the philosophical/value and pragmatic bases of "citizen"/client/community
participation in planning. 6. To
understand and utilize a variety of available tools, research and information
technology to enhance the planning process. 7. To appreciate social planning as a professional social work function while understanding the complexities, constraints, and ethical dilemmas facing planners. 8. To
analyze the influence of gender, race, class, sexual orientation on
planning and the planner's role. OUTCOMES Upon successful completion of CO III (743),
students will demonstrate a range of competencies related to the course
objectives. Through written
assignments, group projects, and individual class participation, students
will demonstrate their ability to: 1. locate their planning styles and ideology
within a radical, liberal and conservative framework. 2. analyze and plan a series of alternatives
for a community problem. 3. present an analysis of the content and
context of citizen/client participation as it relates to a specific
historical decade. 4. discuss conflicts and contentions in
a particular current community conflict. 5. utilize data and information in a community
problem-solving process. 6. critique a program proposal as the written
product of a planning process and model. 7. document their own planning process,
roles, conflicts, evaluation and outcomes in a past or current field
assignment 8. analyze a contemporary community planning,
development or collaboration initiative. 9. identify the impact of the “isms” on
their own or others’ planning projects. SUGGESTED
COURSE FORMAT The course is designed to elicit participation
of students in course planning, and in class discussions and presentations.
Students will be encouraged to demonstrate their knowledge of
the assigned readings and to apply their past and present field and/or
work experiences to the conceptual material. The course will draw upon lectures, readings,
case studies, small group exercises, guest speaker experts, problem-solving
methodology, audiovisual materials and distance learning (if possible). Each week, he first half hour will be devoted
to a current community/political issues or a skills based, problem-solving
demonstration/exercise selected and/or led by the students in advance.
Suggestions include: an issue generated by an article from the City Section of the NY Times or City Limits
or other community/ethnic newspaper (see file on reserve), or devoted
to an issue from a field placement (see C.O. student-generated handout).
Students are expected to adhere to CO CURRICULUM COURSE GUIDELINES WRITTEN
ASSIGNMENTS Written
assignments are designed to integrate theory with practice and apply
concepts to field placement. Each is a different format and style related
to the skills building and course objectives. Samples
of past student assignments are on reserve in library under Mizrah-ssw743. Assignment
I - Mini-paper to assess your own planning style, experiences,
ideology, interests and needs. Due
Oct. 3 (5-7 pages) Use materials developed by former students,
planning model frameworks, and your own experiences, planning a program,
developing a campaign or other change project as a staff person, community
activist or student intern. In the paper, you must 1) give examples from your own last year’s
assignment and past practice. 2) analyze and compare your style to the
vignettes in Lauffer (pgs. 10-
28; 281-286), and 3) incorporate readings from additional articles from
Unit I. Assignment
II - Proposal Analysis - Due Oct 31 (4-6 pages) A proposal is the written request to develop
a program or strategy to meet a need or solve a problem. It reflects
a planning process. Analyze a program/project proposal prepared by your
agency (if available) using the outline on reserve: The Written Proposal
with A Major Task of Consumer Boards: How To Review
Proposals. Basically
you will be assessing a planning process that produced the document
itself. If you are working on,
or have written a proposal yourself, you use the assignment to describe
the process and critique it. Include all of the following in your paper: 1) Evaluate the
components of the proposal; 2) discuss the inferred planning model(s)
and role(s), ideologies and values of the planner and the plan (from
Unit I). 3) Discuss the role,
if any, of clients/community. 3) Specifically, answer the question:
Would you fund it? Why, or why not? DO NOT quote extensively from the proposal
in text. Use appendix to summarize
the proposal (Sample proposals and assignments on reserve).
In class we will conduct
a "mock" funders review session to share strengths and limitations. Assignment
III- Due
Dec. 5: Content Outline On Current A Planning Process Use a current (if possible) or past field
assignment that requires a planning process and evaluation. You can
select a project or event that has been completed or is in process by
now. If the activity is scheduled for completion at a later date, highlight
the process to date, and identify the steps necessary to complete and
evaluate the outcome (Samples on reserve.) Summary and
Synthesis of Planning Process, Problems and Lessons Learned: The Collective
Practice Wisdom of Community Organizing Students 1998 & 1999. Prepare
written 2-3 page outline that includes the following: 1.
The short term and long term goals of the project. 2.
The interactional and analytical steps involved (using Perlman and Gurin
outline in Lauffer, pg. 73) 3. The problems, opposition, obstacles, and ethical issues encountered
along the way. How were they
or should have been handled. 4.
Your role(s) and the role(s) of significant others. 5.
Your assessment of the process and outcome (How do/did you and others
define success?) 6.
Lessons you learned from your involvement. 7.
Diagram planning stages using a timetable/or other planning tool ASSIGNMENT
IV: IDENTIFICATION OF COMMUNITY PLANNING OR ORGANIZING INITIATIVES (Due Dec. 17) (Students are encouraged to work in small
groups around common interests) Identify an organization, coalition or collaboration
(public or private) that is leading or involved in 1) a community improvement
or neighborhood economic development project (e.g. an ACT collaborative;
Empowerment Zone; COPC: Hope 6; the Bronx Cluster); 2) planning on a functional basis (e.g. Welfare
Reform, School-based mental health, HIV/AIDS); or 3)parent/client/consumer/resident
participation to improve the conditions of an institution (eg. schools;
health care; workplace). Prepare a written 4-5-page overview and
analysis of the effort and your opinion of its effectiveness. At minimum you should interview the leadership,
attend a meeting, and review written materials. Identify goals and strategies; examine any
community divisions or conflicts (factions within it or insider/outsider
issues). What are the mechanisms for involving community residents and
groups? Are there structures and processes for mediating disputes. Discuss
leadership roles and roles of organizers/planners
(on different sides of issue if applicable).
Consider issues, which involve planning for neighborhood stabilization,
or planning with or for an unpopular or marginal group; Was it a lay
or government initiated effort? What are the actual or anticipated results?
What would be considered success or failure? Attach any materials such
as newspaper articles, reports, minutes, and proposals. Identify the
auspice/legitimacy of the initiative (e.g. legislation, foundation funding;
business, labor, etc.) See Document: AThere’s a Whole Lot of Planning
and Organizing going On!: Examples Analyzed by C.O. & P Students,
Fall 1998& 1999.
Samples of those assignments are on reserve. Students are encouraged to chose one of the past group or individual projects
to update, deepen, and expand. Also use City Limits, the City Section
of the NY Times, local Community Board and newspapers as resources. In-class discussion will provide opportunity
for understanding whether there is a whole lot of planning going on;
who's involved; and in whose interest is it being undertaken. EVALUATION
OF PERFORMANCE Credit will be assigned on basis of written
work (85%) and class participation (15%). "Honors" will be based on superior
performance in: style and content of written work, the delivery of presentations,
class discussion, and extensive and creative use of assigned and outside
readings. TEXTS Required Readings 1)
CUSTOMIZED COURSE PACK OF READINGS FOR C.O. III (at Hunter Book Store). Other
Recommended Books and Articles on Reserve P.Ewalt, et al.(Eds).
(1998).Community Building. Wash. D.C. NASW M. Austin and J.I. Lowe. (1994). Controversial
Issues In Communities and Organizations.
Boston: Allyn & Bacon. R. Fisher. (1994). Let The People Decide:
Neighborhood Organizing in America, 2nd Edition, N.Y.: Twayne Publishers. M. Minkler, Community Organization and
Community Building for Health. Rutgers University Press. 1997 Additional contemporary issues can be gleaned
from The City Section of the New
York Times, City Limits,
and the Journal of Community Practice. *
= Required Readings INTRODUCTION Review course objectives, format and assignments;
discussion of students' and instructor's backgrounds; assessment of
knowledge and experiences; overview of nature and implications of social
planning, and the place of social planning in social work: humanistic,
political, and self-critical components. *
A. Lauffer, Social Planning at the Community Level. Prentice
Hall, 1978.Chap. 1 Getting Down to Cases. (Cpk) *
A. Boehm & H. Litwin. “Measuring
Rational and Organizational-Political Planning Activities of Community Organization Workers.” Journal of Community Practice,
6(4) 1999, pp. 17-35. B. Gummer "Social Planning" (in
R. Edwards, Ed.) Encyclopedia of Social Work 19th Edition, NASW,
1995. UNIT
I: SOCIAL PLANNING PROCESSES AND THEORIES Conceptualization of social planning as
professional and purposeful problem-solving; context and levels of social
planning practice; utilizing the elements of the planning process; problem/issue
analysis, program/policy/strategy formulation, implementation, evaluation
and revision .An examination of the traditional/elitist, liberal, advocacy,
participatory and grassroots/indigenous frameworks; A. The
Planning Process: Defining and Documenting Need * Lauffer,
Chapter 4 (CPk), . *
Chapter 20 (Bradshaw); On
Need Chapter 22 (League of California
Cities) on Methods of Determining need
in Gilbert & Specht. Planning for Social Welfare, 1977. (CPk) M. Minkler and N. Wallerstein "Improving
Health Through Community Organization and Community Building."
(Chapter 3) in M. Minkler, Community Organization and Community Building
for Health. Rutgers University Press. 1997 (OR) T. Hancock and M. Minkler,"Community
Health Assessment or Healthy Community Assessment:Whose Community? Whose
Health? Whose Assessment?" in M. Minkler.Community Organization
and Community Building for Health. Rutgers University Press. * M.
Delgado. Murals in Latino Communities: Indicators of Community Strength.
Social Work, July
1998, pp. 346-356. *
H. Robins. Sixty Ways to Judge the Recovery of Cities: The Need
for Objective Standards Social Policy. Winter 1998, pp. 50-59. B. Classic
Planning Theories * John
Friedmann, "The Transactive Style of Planning", in N. Gilbert
and H. Specht Planning for Social Welfare, 1978, Chapter 8 (CPk). * Paul
Davidoff, "Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning", in Gilbert
and Specht, Chapter 14.(CPk) * F.
F. Piven, "Whom Does the Advocate Planner Serve", Social
Policy May-June, 1973, and Rejoinders by S. Rosen and F. F. Piven
in the same issue and others in subsequent issues (CPk). * Bernie
Jones and Jaert Bensen Jones, "Three Models of Social Planning
for Human Services on Energy
- Impacted Communities," Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare
(CPk) N. Wallerstein, V. Sanchez-Merki, and L.
Dow. "Freirian Praxix in Health Education and Community Organizing:
A Case Study of an Adolescent Prevention Program. in M. Minkler Community
Organization and Community Building for Health. Rutgers University
Press. 1997. L.Taaffee
and R. Fisher "Public Life in Gulfton: Multiple Publics and Models
of Community Organization.
Journal of Community Practice,
4,1,1997. C. Using
Information and Data for Organizing and Planning Research and Data collection and analysis
as tools for community organization and social planning. Understanding
the political as well as technical components of data. Developing needs
assessment and outreach strategies. Opportunity to explore the internet
(see Hunter's C.O. Collection for Websites). * T.
Mizrahi, "The Future of Research Utilization In Community Practice"
In Grasso & Epstein Research Utilization In the Social Services
: Innovations for Practice and Administration. Haworth Press, 1992,
pp. 197-220 (CPk). * Y.C.
Padilla, L. Lein, and M. Cruz,
“Community-based Research in Policy Planning: A Case study in the Texas-Mexico Border Region. Journal of Community
Practice, 6(3), 1999 pp. 1-22. * N.
Freudenberg & U. Trinidad. The role of community organizations in
AIDS prevention in two Latino communities in NYC. Health Education Quarterly. 19(2) Summer,
1992 pp. 219-232.(CPk) * J.B.
Mondros and S.M. Wilson, Organizing for Power and Empowerment. Columbia University Press, 1994, Ch. 8 "Evaluating
Outcomes." (CPk)
* R.G. Blundo et al.,"Internet and
Demystifying Power Differentials: A few Women on Line and the Housing
Authority." Journal of Community Practice, 6(2) 1999, pp.
11-26 Additional Readings B.C. Flynn, D.W. Ray, & M.S. Rider,
Empowering Communities: Action Research Through Healthy Cities. Health
Education Quarterly, 21 (3) 1994; pp. 395-405 (CPk). R.E. Zambrana. "The role of Latino/Hispanic
Communities in health services research: Strategies for Meaningful Partnership.
Journal of Medical Systems. 20, 5,1996, pp. 317-328. J.
Figueira-McDonough. ACommunity Organization and the Underclass:
Exploring New Practice Directions. Social Service Review, March
1995, pp. 57-85 (An Example of Integrating Theoretical and Empirical
Studies) A. White, Vital Stats: Rudy's Welfare Undercount.
City Limits Mar.1998, pp. 29. UNIT
TWO: COMMUNITY/CLIENT PARTICIPATION:
SOCIAL-POLITICAL AND VALUE DIMENSIONS IN PLANNING Analysis and application of models of influence
in achieving social planning goals; assessing and enhancing mechanisms
of citizen participation and control; examination of conflicts inherent
in social change efforts; understanding of theories of power and change
in organizations and communities; planning and assessment of strategies
for coalition, constituency and leadership building to effect change.
Students will select an era to analyze in depth in small groups. A.
Overview Citizen/Consumer Participation: Grassroots
and Advocacy Models * D.
Gamble and M. Weil, ACitizen Participation in Encyclopedia
of Social Work, 19th Edition, NASW, 1995. * Sherry
Arnstein, "A Ladder of Citizen Participation", Journal
of American Institute of Planners,
July 1969 (CPk). * Y.
Hasenfeld and A.P. Iglehart. "Should
Clients Have Control Over the Policies of the Agency? A Debate." in Austin and Lowe, Controversial
Issues in Communities and Organizations.
Boston: Allyn & Bacon,
1994. B.
Case Studies: Citizen/Community Planning and Participation over time
(Select One) M. Kahn, "Organizing For Structural
Reform: The Case of The New Jersey Tenants
Organization". Journal
of Community Practice Vol. I(2) 1994. (spanning 1970-1990). J. Rooney, Organizing in the South Bronx.
SUNY Press, 1995. (On Alinsky/IAF/Congregational Church model of organizing.) Carrying It On-20
Years of Northwest Bronx Community & Clergy Coalition: A Video C. Historical Overview In
the 60's * Terry
Mizrahi Madison, "The Struggle for Partnership in Health Service
Planning - Community Strategies and Professional Roles", Health
Law Project Library Bulletin, Nov. 1978 (CPk). * R.
Fisher. (1994). Let The People Decide: Neighborhood Organizing in
America. The Neighborhood Organizing ARevolution of the 60's, Chapter 4 * Terry
Mizrahi "Coming Full Circle: Lessons
from Health Care Organizing." Health PAC Bulletin (Summer 1993).(CPk) * Ana
Dumois, "Organizing a Community Around Health", Social
Policy, Vol.1, No.5, January/February
1971. (CPk). * Terry
Mizrahi. "Biting the Hand that Feeds Them: Organizing in the Welfare Rights Movement," Health
PAC Bulletin, 20 (4) Winter, 1990, pp. 26-30 (CPk) Robert Halpern. Rebuilding the Inner
City: A History of Neighborhood Initiatives to Address Poverty in the
United States. Columbia
University Press, 1995. Chapters 3 and 5 (on neighborhood initiatives
and neighborhood-based services through the 1960's). In
the 70's * R.
Fisher. Chapter 5 The New Populism of the 1970's * A.
Lauffer, ACitizen participation in the Planning ProcessChap.
15 (CPk). * Stephen
B. Fawcett, et. al., "Involving Consumers in Decision-Making",
Social Policy, Fall
1982 (CPk). * Celene
Krauss, "The Elusive Process of Citizen Activism", Social
Policy, Fall 1983 (CPk). * B.
Checkoway and M. Doyle.111-122. A
Public Participation
in Health Planning Agencies: Promises and Practice, JHPPL, Vol.
7, Fall 1992, pp. 722-733. (CPk) * Barry
Checkoway and Michael Doyle, "Community Organizing Lessons for
Health Care Consumers", Journal of Health Politics: Policy and
Law, Vol.5, No.2, Summer, 1980, pp. 215-225 and "The Empire
Strikes Back: More Lessons for Health Care Consumers," Journal
of Health Politics and Law, Vol. 7, No.1, Spring, 1982, pp.111-122.
(OR) R. Halpern, . Rebuilding the Inner City:
A History of Neighborhood Initiatives to Address Poverty in the United
States. Columbia University
Press, 1995. Chap. 4: Community
Economic Development. In the 80's * R.
Fisher. Chapter 6 ACommunity Organizing in the Conservative
1980's.@ * R.T.
Hester, Jr. "The Sacred Structure in a Small Town: A Return to
Manteo, N.C. Small Town. Jan/Feb/ 1990, 5-21 (CPk). * M.
Reisch, "Organizational Structure and Client Advocacy: Lessons
from the 1980's" Social
Work, 35 (1), January, 1990. pp. 73-74. * S.M.
Rose. Community Organizing: A Survival Strategy for Community-Based,
Empowerment -Oriented Programs. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare,
13(3), 1986, pp. 491-506.(CPk) In the 90's R.C. Harwood. "Citizen Participation - Is the Public
Ready to Decide?" Social
Policy 24(3), Spring 1994, pp. 13-23 (CPk). R. Sen.
"Building Community Involvement in Health Care." Social Policy 24(3), Spring, 1994, pp.
32-43 (Cpk) J.
Bradley, No Magic Bullet: Harlem Empowerment Zone, City Limits,
April 1995. R. Halpern, Chapter 7 Rebuilding the
Inner City: A History of Neighborhood Initiatives to Address Poverty
in the United States. Columbia University Press, 1995. Emerging
Neighborhood-based initiatives. R. Starr and R. Schachter. "Rebuilding the Human Services: The Profession Mobilizes for Social Work In
Public Education" T. Mizrahi and J. Morrison (Eds.) Community
Organization and Social Administration, pp. 147-168. J. L. Arches. “Challenge and Dilemmas in
Community Development” Journal of Community Practice, 6(4) 1999,
37-55. UNIT
FOUR: COALITION BUILDING AND COLLABORATIONS:LINKING THE GRASSROOTS to
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS ANDCOMMUNITY PLANNING * B. Rosenthal and T. Mizrahi versus T. Simpson.
"Should Community-Based Organizations Give Priority to Building
Coalitions Rather than Building Their Own Membership?:
A Debate." In Austin & Lowe, pp. 9-22. * T.
Mizrahi and B. Rosenthal, "Managing Dynamic Tensions In Social
Change Coalitions," in T. Mizrahi and J. Morrison (Eds.) Community
Organization and Social Administration: Trends, Advances and Emerging
Principles, Haworth Press, 1993 (CPk). E.A. Mulroy, "Building a Neighborhood
Network: Interorganizational Collaboration to Prevent Child Abuse and
Neglect. Social Work, 42,3, May 1997, pg. 255-265 or Ewalt et
al.. D. Bailey and K. M. Koney. "Interorganizational
Community-based Collaboratives: A Strategic Response to Shape the Social
Work Agenda. Social Work,
41,6, Nov. 1996, pgs. 602-621 or In Ewalt et al. A. Jimenez-Bautista & B. Rosenthal, Northern
Manhattan Collaborates! A Case Study of Washington Heights/Inwood--A
Model Coalition. (Unpublished Paper) (OR) L.J. Cornelius,
M. Battle, J.H. Kryder-Coe, & D. Hu. Interventions to Developing
Community Partnerships for HIV Prevention Planning: Successful Macro
Applications of Social Work Principles. Journal of Community Practice.6(1)
1999, pp. 15-32. UNIT
FIVE: COMPLEXITIES, CONFLICTS,
AND ETHICAL DILEMMAS FACING PLANNERS AND ORGANIZERS IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM An understanding of the multiple, and often
conflicting, constituencies to whom the social planner is (or should
be) accountable; identification of potential professional and organizational
and ethical issues facing the planner; analysis of advocacy and alternative
models of planning practice; delineation of constraints and opportunities
facing social planners; special issues of race, class, gender, sexual
orientation and disability affecting the planning process and outcome. |